Chocolateharina kugara richinakidza: mumakore mashoma apfuura, chave chiri chinwiwa chinovava, chinwiwa chechibayiro chakarungwa, uye chiratidzo chevakuru.Yakamutsa nharo dzechitendero, yakapedzwa nevarwi, uye inorimwa nevaranda nevana.

Saka tabva pano sei kusvika nhasi?Ngatitarisei muchidimbu nhoroondo yekudyiwa kwechokoreti pasi rose.

Luxury mukaka inopisa chokoreti.

ZVAKATANGA NYANO

Kofi ine Kaldi.Chocolate ine vamwari.Mungano dzeMayan, Nyoka yakapfava yakapa cocoo kuvanhu mushure mekunge vamwari vawana mugomo.Zvichakadaro, mungano dzeAztec, yakanga iri Quetzalcoatl yakapa vanhu pashure pokunge yaiwana mugomo.

Kune misiyano pangano idzi, zvisinei.Iyo Museu de la Xocolata muBarcelona inonyora nyaya yemuchinda ane murume akamupa mhosva yekudzivirira nyika yake nepfuma achiri kure.Vavengi vake pavakauya, vakamurova asi iye haana kuzozivisa pakanga pakavanzwa pfuma yake.Quetzalcoatl akaona izvi uye akachinja ropa rake kuva cocoa muti, uye kuti, ivo vanoti, ndicho chikonzero nei muchero unovava, se“simba sokunaka”, uye wakatsvuka seropa.

Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: pasinei nekwakabva, nhoroondo yechokoreti yakabatana neropa, rufu, uye chitendero.

Duffy's 72% Honduras chokoreti yakasviba.

CHITENDERO, TRADE, & HONDO MUMESOAMERICA

Cacao yaitengeswa uye kudyiwa muMesoamerica yese yekare, zvine mukurumbira, bhinzi dzichishandiswawo semari.

Chinwiwa - icho chaiwanzogadzirwa nevhu uye chakagochwa cacao bhinzi, chilli, vanila, zvimwe zvinonhuhwirira, dzimwe nguva chibage, uye kashoma huchi, husati hwaoma - chaivava uye chichisimbisa.Kanganwa kapu yenguva yehusiku yecocoa: ichi chaive chinwiwa chevarwi.Uye ndinoreva izvo chaizvo chaizvo: Montezuma II, mambo wekupedzisira weAztec, akatonga kuti varwi chete vaigona kuinwa.(Pasi pevatongi vekare, zvisinei, vaAztec vaizonwawo pamichato.)

VaOlmec, imwe yebudiriro yekutanga mudunhu iri, havana nhoroondo yakanyorwa asi mitsetse yecocoo yakawanikwa muhari dzavakasiya .Gare gare, theSmithsonian Mag inoshuma kuti maMayans akashandisa chinwiwa ichi se "chikafu chinoyera, chiratidzo chemukurumbira, nzvimbo yemagariro, uye tsika yekubata".

Carol Off anoteedzera hukama hweMayan pakati pekoko, vamwari, uye ropa mukatiBitter Chocolate: Kuongorora Iro Rima Side rePasirose Inonyanya Seductive Sweet, vachitsanangura kuti vanamwari vaifananidzirwa sei necocoo pods uye kunyange kumwaya ropa ravo pachavo pakukohwa cacao.

Cacao beans.

Saizvozvo, Dr Simon Martin vanoongorora Mayan artefacts mukatiChocolate muMesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao (2006)kusimbisa hukama huri pakati perufu, hupenyu, chitendero, uye kutengeserana nechokoreti.

Mwari weChibage paakakundwa nevamwari venyika yepasi, anonyora kuti, akasiya muviri wake uye kubva imomo kwakamera muti wecocoo, pakati pezvimwe zvinomera.Mutungamiriri wevamwari venyika yepasi, uyo ipapo akatora cocoo tree, anoratidzirwa zvose zviri zviviri muti wacho nepeki romutengesi.Gare gare, cacao muti wakanunurwa kubva kuna mwari wepasi uye mwari wechibage akaberekwazve.

Maonero atinoita upenyu nerufu haasi iwowo nzira yaaiona nayo maMaya ekare, hongu.Nepo isu tichibatanidza nyika yepasi negehena, vamwe vaongorori vanotenda kuti tsika dzekare dzeMesoamerican dzaiiona senzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera.Asi hukama pakati pecocoo nerufu hazvirambike.

Munguva mbiri dzeMayan neAztec, zvibayiro zvakapiwawo chokoreti vasati vaenda kurufu rwavo (Carol Off, Chloe Doutre-Roussel).Kutaura zvazviri, maererano naBee Wilson, “mutsika dzechiAztec, cocoo yakanga iri dimikira remwoyo wakabvamburwa sechibayiro—mhodzi dziri mukati mepodhi dzaifungidzirwa kuva dzakafanana neropa rinodeuka richibuda mumuviri womunhu.Zvinwiwa zvechokoreti dzimwe nguva zvaidhayiwa neropa neannatto kudhindisa pfungwa yacho.”

Saizvozvowo, Amanda Fiegl anonyora muSmithsonian Magazine kuti, kune vaMayans neAztec, cacao yakasungirirwa pakuberekwa - chinguva chisinganzwisisiki chakabatanidzwa neropa, rufu, uye kubereka.

Nhoroondo yekutanga yekudyiwa kwekoco haina kuona chokoreti sechikafu chetii kana kunakidzwa nemhosva.Kune tsika dzeMesoamerican kukura, kutengesa, uye kushandisa chinwiwa ichi, chaive chigadzirwa chine kukosha kukuru kwechitendero netsika.

Cacao beans uye chocolate bar.

EUROPE KUYEDZA NE CHOCOLATE STYLES

Apo cocoo yakauya kuEurope, zvisinei, zvinhu zvakachinja.Yakanga ichiri chigadzirwa choumbozha, uye yaimbomutsa gakava rechitendero, asi yakarasikirwa nesonganiro yayo yakawanda noupenyu norufu.

Stephen T Beckett anonyora mukatiSayenzi yeChocolatekuti, kunyange Columbus akaunza dzimwe cocoo beans kuEurope "sekuda kuziva", hazvina kusvika kuma1520s apo Hernán Cortés akaunza chinwiwa kuSpain.

Uye hazvina kusvika kuma1600s apo yakapararira kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope - kazhinji kuburikidza nekuroorana kwemadzimambo eSpain kune vatongi vedzimwe nyika.Maererano neMuseu de la Xocolata, mumwe mambokadzi wokuFrance aichengeta mushandikadzi akanyatsodzidziswa kugadzira chokoreti.Vienna yakave yakakurumbira nokuda kwechokoreti inopisa uye keke yechokoreti, nepo mune dzimwe nzvimbo, yaishandiswa neaizi cubes uye sinou.

Zvitaera zveEurope panguva iyi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita tsika mbiri: chimiro cheSpanish kana chekuItaly uko chokoreti inopisa yaive gobvu uye ine muto (chokoreti gobvu ine churros) kana maFrench maitiro apo yaive yakatetepa (funga nezve yako yakajairika chokoreti inopisa).

Mukaka wakawedzerwa kune concoction, iyo yakanga ichiri muchimiro chemvura, mukupera kwema1600 kana kutanga kwema1700 (zvinyorwa zvinokakavadzana kana zvaive naNicholas Sanders kana Hans Sloane, asi chero angave ari, zvinoratidzika kuti Mambo weEngland George II akabvumira).

Pakupedzisira, chokoreti yakabatana nekofi netii mukuva nenzvimbo dzakatsaurirwa dzekunwa: imba yekutanga yechokoreti, The Cocoa Tree, yakavhurwa muEngland muna 1654.

Chokoreti yechinyakare ine churros muBadalona, ​​Spain.

ZVIKURUDZO NEZVINHU

Asi zvisinei nekuzivikanwa kwechokoreti pakati pevakuru vekuEurope, chinwiwa ichi chichiri kukonzera gakava.

Maererano neMuseu de la Xocolata, masangano eSpain akanga asina chokwadi kana chaiva chikafu - uye naizvozvo kana chaigona kudyiwa panguva yekutsanya.(Beckett anoti mumwe papa akatonga kuti zvakanga zvakanaka kudya sezvo zvakanga zvichivava.)

Pakutanga, William Gervase Clarence-Smith anonyora mukatiKoko uye Chokoti, 1765-1914, vaPurotesitendi “vaikurudzira kudyiwa kwechokoreti seimwe nzira kune doro”.Zvakadaro sezvo nguva yeBaroque yakapera mukupera kwema1700, kudzosera kumashure kwakatanga.Chinwiwa ichi chakabatana ne "vafundisi vasina basa uye vanokudzwa veKatorike uye absolutist hurumende".

Munguva iyi, kwakava nekusagadzikana kwevanhu uye kusagadzikana muEurope yose, kubva kuChimurenga cheFrance kusvika kuHondo yeVarombo.Hondo dzeChirungu dzeCivil Wars, idzo dzakaona vaKaturike nevatongi vemadzimambo vachirwa nevaPurotesitendi nevaParamende, dzakanga dzapera nguva pfupi zvisati zvaitika.Misiyano pakati pekuti chokoreti nekofi, kana chokoreti netii, zvakaonekwa sei zvinomiririra kusawirirana kwevanhu.

Luxury chocolate cake.

Early MODERN AMERICAS & ASIA

Zvichakadaro, muLatin America, kushandiswa kwechokoreti kwakaramba kuri chinhu chikuru chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.Clarence-Smith anonyora nezvekuti ruzhinji rwedunhu rwaidya chokoreti nguva nenguva.Kusiyana neEurope, anotsanangura, yaiwanzodyiwa, kunyanya pakati penharaunda dzine urombo.

Chocolate yainwiwa kanosvika kana pazuva.MuMexico,mole poblanoyaiva huku yakabikwa muchokoreti uye chilli.MuGuatemala, chaive chikamu chemangwanani.Venezuela yainwa inofungidzirwa chikamu chimwe muzvina chegoho rayo recocoa gore rega rega.Lima aive nesangano revagadziri vechokoreti.Vazhinji vekuCentral America vakaramba vachishandisa cacao semari.

Nekudaro, kusiyana nekutengesa kofi uye tii, chokoreti yakanetseka kuti ipinde muAsia.Kunyange zvazvo yakakurumbira muPhilippines, Clarence-Smith anonyora kuti kune imwe nzvimbo yakakundikana kushandura vanonwa.Tii yaifarirwa muCentral neEast Asia, North Africa, uye yaimbova Persia.Kofi yaidiwa munyika dzeMuslim, kusanganisira yakawanda yeSouth neSoutheast Asia.

Mukadzi anogadziriramole poblano.

MuEurope, sezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe rakasvika, chokoreti yakazotanga kurasikirwa nemukurumbira wayo.

Mechanical chokoreti workshops aripo kubvira 1777, apo imwe yakavhurwa muBarcelona.Asi apo chokoreti yakanga yave kugadzirwa pamwero mukuru, basa raida kushanda nesimba uye mitero yakakwira muEurope yese yakaramba ichichichengeta chiri chigadzirwa cheumbozha.

Izvi zvese zvakachinja, zvisinei, nemuchina wecocoa, uyo wakavhura nzira yekugadziriswa kukuru.Muna 1819, Switzerland yakatanga kugadzira mafekitori makuru echokoreti uyezve muna 1828, cocoa poda yakaumbwa naCoenraad Johannes van Houten kuNetherlands.Izvi zvakabvumira JS Fry & Sons muEngland kugadzira yekutanga yemazuva ano chokoreti bar muna 1847 - iyo yavakagadzira vachishandisa tekinoroji injini.

Zvikwere zvechokoreti yakasviba.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Beckett anonyora kuti Henry Nestlé naDaniel Peter vakawedzera mukaka wakapfupikiswa kugadzira chokoreti yemukaka iyo nhasi yakakurumbira pasirese.

Panguva iyi, chokoreti yakanga ichiri gritty.Zvisinei, muna 1880, Rodolphe Lindt akagadzira conche, chishandiso chekugadzira chokoreti yakatsetseka uye isinganyanyi kurwadza.Conching inoramba iri danho rakakura mukugadzirwa kwechokoreti kusvika nhasi.

Makambani akaita saMars naHershey akatevera nokukurumidza, uye nyika yechokoreti yegiredhi rezvigadzirwa yakanga yasvika.

Chocolate uye nut brownies.

IMPERIALISM & UURANDA

Zvakadaro huwandu hwekushandisa hwakaita kuti kugadzirwa kwakanyanya, uye Europe yaigara ichikwevera pahumambo hwayo kuti idyise vagari vayo vanoda chokoreti.Kufanana nezvinhu zvakawanda zvenguva ino, huranda hwakanga huri mukati mekutengesa.

Uye nekufamba kwenguva, chokoreti yaidyiwa muParis neLondon neMadrid yakava, kwete Latin America neCaribbean, asi African.Maererano neAfrica Geographic, cacao yakauya kukondinendi yacho nenzira yokuSão Tomé nePríncipe, nyika yechitsuwa iri kumhenderekedzo yeCentral Africa.Muna 1822, São Tomé nePríncipe payaitongwa noUmambo hwePortugal, João Baptista Silva wokuBrazil akatanga chirimwa chacho.Munguva ye1850s, kugadzirwa kwakawedzera - zvese semhedzisiro yebasa revaranda.

Pakazosvika 1908, São Tomé nePríncipe ndiyo yakanga iri mugadziri mukuru wecocoo pasi rose.Zvisinei, iri raifanira kuva zita renguva pfupi.Veruzhinji veBritain vakanzwa mishumo yekushanda kwevaranda mumapurazi ecocoo muSão Tomé nePríncipe neCadbury vakamanikidzwa kutarisa kumwe kunhu - muchiitiko ichi, kuGhana.

InChocolate Nations: Kurarama uye Kufira Chocolate muWest Africa, Órla Ryan anonyora kuti, “Muna 1895, kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwakasvika 77,000 metric tonnes, yakawanda yecocoa iyi yaibva kuSouth America neCaribbean.Pakazosvika 1925, kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwakasvika matani anopfuura 500 000 uye Gold Coast yakanga yava mutengesi mukuru wecocoa kunze kwenyika.Nhasi, West Coast inoramba iri mugadziri mukuru wecocoo, anotarisira 70-80% yechokoreti yenyika.

Clarence-Smith anotiudza kuti "cocoa yainyanya kurimwa nevaranda muminda muna 1765", ne "kumanikidzwa kushanda ... kupera muna 1914".Vazhinji vangasabvumirana norutivi rwokupedzisira rwamashoko iwayo, vachinongedzera kumishumo inopfuurira yokushandiswa kwavana, kubiwa kwavanhu, uye usungwa hwechikwereti.Uyezve, kuchine urombo hukuru pakati penharaunda dzinogadzira cacao muWest Africa (mazhinji ayo, maererano naRyan, varidzi vadiki).

Masaga akazara cocoo beans.

KUSVIRWA KWECHOKORETI YAKANAKA & CACAO

Chokoreti yegiredhi yezvigadzirwa ndiyo inotonga musika wepasi rose wanhasi, asi chokoreti yakanaka nekoko zvava kutanga kubuda.Chikamu chemusika chakatsaurirwa chinoda kubhadhara mitengo yeprimiyamu yechokoreti yemhando yepamusoro iyo, mudzidziso, inogadzirwa zvine hutsika.Vatengi ava vanotarisira kuravira mutsauko wemabviro, akasiyana, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa.Vanoitira hanya zvirevo zvakaita sekuti “bhinzi kubhara”.

Iyo Fine Cacao uye Chocolate Institute, yakavambwa muna 2015, iri kutora kurudziro kubva kune yakakosha indasitiri yekofi mukugadzira chokoreti uye cacao zviyero.Kubva pakuravira mapepa uye zvitupa kusvika kune gakava pamusoro peicho cacao yakanaka, indasitiri iri kutora matanho ekuenda kune imwe indasitiri inodzorwa inoisa pamberi pemhando yakagadzikana.

Kushandiswa kwechokoreti kwakashanduka zvakanyanya mumakore mashoma apfuura - uye pasina mubvunzo icharamba ichichinja mune ramangwana.